Friday, December 27, 2019

The Social Situation Of Mental Patients And Other Inmates

Mortification of the self is a process in which a person may be degraded or striped of their identity, willingly or unwillingly, for multiple different reasons. This process can also happen unconsciously or consciously. In his essay, â€Å"The Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates†, Goffman explains five main categories of these types of institutes that may use mortification of the self for their benefit or the communities benefit. In this essay, I will be discussing in more depth how prisons use the mortification of the self on their prisoners and how, in a way, colleges and the NCAA use mortification processes as well to shape their students and athletes. The first institute is for those that are incapable and harmless. For example, those who are blind, aged, or orphaned may be admitted to this type of institute. This institution may be thought of as a positive environment, and the mortification of the self a good thing for both those in control as well as those at the institute. The second is for those that are incapable, but may be harmful in the community. This can include a mental hospital and a leprosaria, so the community as well as the inmates would most likely benefit from the mortification processes. The third is for those who have proven themselves harmful. A penitentiary, jailhouse and POWs are some examples. These inmates wellbeing is not necessarily very important to those in control. These inmates are stripped of their belongings, their privacy,Show MoreRelatedEssays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates by Erving Goffman1348 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently we have a few years the official diagnost ic manuals. DSM-IV and ICD-10 withdrew the term mental illness, replacing it with the term mental disorder. It happened so that the word disease is not misleading, that we are dealing with a real palpable disease, such as neurological diseases. In practice, there is still a notion of mental illness. However, it is important to realize that this is just figure language, metaphor for determining psychiatric diagnosis, and it is not a diseaseRead MoreTotal Institutions1028 Words   |  5 PagesTotal Institutions In the year 1961, the author, Erving Goffman, published a book consisting of text and studies on mental patients and inmates, in what he has called total institutions. There is a large focus on the life of mental patients, due to his year long study in an American institution. However, the center of my reading was based on the institutions and the lifestyles that are reached when placed in such establishments. When describing these institutions the author referredRead MorePsychology : A Way Of Understanding Mental Disorders And How They Function1340 Words   |  6 PagesMental disorders affects 1 out of 5 people each year (Kallivayalil). Psychology has a way of understanding mental disorders and how they function. There are many branches to psychology that leads to many jobs that are beneficial more than most people realize. Majoring in psychology can go a lot farther than just in the medical field. If someone chooses to become a politician they should understand human behavior for the better of their region. Understanding how humans work will provide solutionsRead MoreSuicide : Suicide And Depression1389 Words   |  6 Pagesprisons across the United States (Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, Fazel, 2011). According to the United States Department of Justice, nearly 23% of state prisoners report symptoms of depression each year (Pardini et al., 2014). With, one out of seven inmates met the di agnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (Pardini et al., 2014). Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, and Fazel (2011) proposed that probable representations of prison suicide suggest that suicidal behaviors are rarely the cause of a single stressorRead MoreThe Importance Of Becoming A Mental Health Counselor1718 Words   |  7 PagesPeople suffering from mental illness can be found throughout our nation. There are some that experience more severe symptoms of this illness than others. With mental health condition being classified as an illness, it serves that it is a condition beyond a person’s control. The National Institute of Health (NIH) has classified mental illness as being a condition that normally changes a person’s thinking, feelings and behavior (NIH, 2013). Therefore when they are experiencing these symptoms, theyRead MoreAntisocial Persoanlity Disorder1398 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) are characterized as being d eceitful, egocentric, and having little regard for rules or the feelings of others (Duggan, 2009). Individuals with ASPD have been found to be unable to correctly interpret emotional situations; they also experience negative feelings more often than positive feelings. They are also more likely to experience anger than fear, which can trigger violent behavior. Individuals with ASPD have a tendency to employ defenseRead MoreThe Importance Of Mental Disorders In The Prison System1288 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, persons with mental disorders are clearly overrepresented in the prison system, when compared to rates of persons in the community with mental disorders, studies found â€Å"that prevalence estimates were three to 12 times higher than in community samples, reaching as high as 64%,† (Prins, S. J., 2014, p. 862) with â€Å"prevalence† being defined as the commonness or occurrence of a mental disorder. The reasoning behind this skewed representation has continu ally puzzled researchers and led toRead MoreIncarceration : Balancing Punishment And Treatment988 Words   |  4 Pages4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-centuryRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The United States Of America978 Words   |  4 PagesIn December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates. Each had been convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, and six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-century, America’s attempts to get tough on crime and wage a war on drugs have landedRead MoreManagement Concerns Of Corrections For Special Populations Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthe management of special needs inmates and the burdens incurred at various levels. For this study, special needs populations are defined as prisoners who exhibit unique physical, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and to whom jail and prison management and staff have to respond in nontraditional and innovative ways (Schmalleger Smykla 2013). The special needs populations included individuals suffering from mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Gender Roles In Antigone - 1547 Words

In Sophocles’ Antigone, gender roles are a major conflicting theme throughout the entire play. The setting of the play was written during the Greek mythological days, around 442 B.C. During these days, men were dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon each show differences in behavior due to their sex versus the actions each character chooses to take. Antigone tells Ismene about her plans to bury their brother, Polynices, which is going against Creon’s orders. Antigone and Ismene, have contrasting perspectives on†¦show more content†¦Antigone is set in Thebes, which is an ancient Greek city that is set to be cursed and prone to disaster. By setting Antigone in Thebes, Sophocles allowed the tensions between male and female to be ex plored. Being that Antigone is the protagonist, her character is important in the play. She made the decision to bury her brother knowing that it was against Creon’s law. Ismene refused to help Antigone, which left her angry, yet still determined to bury her brother. She knew that burying her brother could lead to her own death, but she continued to show courage, strength, and determination throughout her role. In the beginning, Antigone says, â€Å"Dear god, shout it from the rooftops. I’ll hate you all the more for silence/ tell the world!†(17,100-101). This was said to Ismene, when they were discussing burial plans and Ismene was telling Antigone that she was against the plan. Antigone’s dialogue shows that she is not worried about being punished or worried about who knows what she has done. It is clear that Antigone is sincere about honoring the gods, her actions show that she feels that she is pleasing the gods and that is all that matters to her. â€Å"Thes e laws/ I was not about to break them, not out of fear of some man’s wounded pride, and face the retribution of the gods.†(30, 509-511). This demonstrates how she feels about man’s law vs. divine law. In the plot, there was not one time where Antigone deniedShow MoreRelatedRejecting Gender Roles In Sophocless Antigone1262 Words   |  6 PagesRejecting Gender Roles in Antigone Human nature dictates that conformity is a safer choice than expressing individuality. When placed in a situation where one must either remain silent or speak their mind and face severe consequences, there is much less risk in taking the first option. Sophocles, an Athenian tragedian from the fifth century BC, confronted this theme throughout one of his most popular works: Antigone. In the play, the title character must decide if she should honor her brother andRead MoreGender Role Of Women In Antigone By Sophocles814 Words   |  4 Pagesleast. Is a woman stronger than we?† (Sophocles.II.3.539-540) says Creon, King of Thebes and uncle to the disobeying but brave Antigone in Antigone by Sophocles. A patriarchal society is a community in which male domination over women, Sophocles explains the journey of Antigone in getting her brother buried and yielding against the laws of Thebes in a man dominated city. Antigone portrayed in the play is loyal and stubborn, she would do anyth ing that feels ethical and honest to her even if that disregardingRead MoreWomen s Oppression Of Women1657 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles’ Antigone, although fictional, presents an anecdotal example of a prominent proto-feminist figure, the protagonist Antigone. The work is set in Ancient Greece, a time period in which women played subservient roles. Accordingly, women are treated subordinately in the work. Hence, when Antigone commits a â€Å"crime† under the patriarchal order of the King of Thebes, Creon, through the prohibited burying of her brother, unfair treatment is imposed upon her. Creon punishes Antigone accordinglyRead MoreWomen in Ancient Greece1638 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles play Antigone encapsulates the conflict in Greek society between genuine and farcical democracy. Greeces patriarchal society excludes women from formal decision-making processes so that, in the case of Creon, leaders enact their own arbitrary rules. Creon refuses to listen to wh at Antigone has to say about her belief that her brother deserves a proper burial. His lack of compassion is exacerbated by his unequivocal misogyny. For instance, when his son Haemon sticks up for Antigone, Creon ridiculesRead MoreHow Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone ( Sophocles )1246 Words   |  5 Pagestime, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gender protocol. Women were to remain invisible, obedient and subordinate and to rebel against these restrictionsRead MoreThe Notions of Justice in The Republic and Antigone1707 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical literature, notions of justice are presented plainly. Platoâ⠂¬â„¢s The Republic and Sophocles’ Antigone both address elements of death, tyranny and immorality, morality, and societal roles. These topics are important elements when addressing justice, whether in the societal representation or personal representation. Antigone uses the concept of death in many ways when unfolding the tragic story of Antigone and her rebellion. The most obvious way is how death is used as a form of capital punishmentRead MoreThe Punishment For Overstepping Creon s Authority Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesexponentially more sinister. In Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone† there is a clear gender conflict that forms between the protagonist Antigone and the antagonist Creon. Antigone’s determination to give her brother a just burial inspired the people of Thebes, but enraged Creon. Although Antigone does not obsess over the gender struggle as much as Creon, there is no disputing that the gender roles of Ancient Greece fueled the central conflict of the drama. The clash between Antigone and Creon was symbolic towards the subjugationRead MoreThe Feminist Criticism Of Antigone Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesStudent’s Name Tutor’s Name Course Code Date Sophocles Antigone The feminist criticism approach evaluates how sexual identity impacts the creation and perception of literary pieces of art. It was originally an offshoot of the feminist movements but has currently employed certain approaches, such as the Masculinity approach, which is advocated by Robert Bly. Feminist criticism takes a primary role in articulating the patriarchal perceptions that have dominated the Western thought. The perceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles Play Antigone 1308 Words   |  6 Pagestreating each other equally. Gender is a range of characteristics associated with males and females. You could say that when gender and equality are put together both sexes are treated adequately. However, it is most of the time difficult to fulfil equality in real life and it is barely seen in literature.Women were mainly and only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rituals to the husband. Sophocles play Antigone shows us the three differentRead MoreSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tragic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s body

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Federal Parliament and Protection of Human Rights

Question: Discuss about the Federal Parliament and Protection of Human Rights. Answer: Introduction Human rights refer to fundamental rights entitled to every human being. According to The United Nations Human Rights (OHCR), human rights do not discriminate any person by origin, race, religion, economic status among social categories. Human rights are closely related to each other there by demanding impartiality in guaranteeing them. OHCR asserts that human rights are provided by international laws, customary laws and treaties between nations. The government has the responsibility of ensuring that their citizens fully enjoy the basic human rights. Human obligations can be defined as the responsibilities that the government or individual have in the process of fulfilling basic human rights. According to Arias, O (2009), human rights can only be important if we take the responsibility of respecting them without considering our cultural values since human rights and obligations determine human relations universally. According to OHCR, human rights and obligation are inseparable. The international law obligates the state to protect and fulfill human rights. To protect human rights, the state should act in such a way that it does not affect the enjoyment of the human rights by its citizens. The state should take affirmative action to protect the individuals and groups against abuse in every way possible. The citizens, on the other hand, should take the obligation of respecting basic human rights individuals of groups as well. In the history of man, people in different regimes have for long been struggling with the issue of human rights. The concept of human rights may have its origin from various political and religious ideologies. For instance, in the 18th and 19th centuries, various European scholars proposed the concept of natural rights. This concept referred to rights acquired by a person by being a human being. This concept led to some revolutions in the 1700s when the majority of the British colonies in North America gained independence. The revolution led to the formulation of the U.S Declaration of the Rights of man. Later in 1989, the French monarchy was overthrown by the people and the first French Republic was established. From this revolution came the Declaration of the rights of man. Thomas Thoreau in his treatise, Civil Disobedience used the term Human Rights. His work became an inspiration to many people among them, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King and it helped them develop the idea of non-violence resistance which they use to resist unethical government actions. In the 19th and 20th in America, many people were held captive and worked as slaves most of which were black people. Their working conditions were poor since they were being tortured, starved and in some instances, children were involved. This resulted in a revolution fighting for human rights. As a result, the slave was released however, they did not enjoy their freedom for many decades that followed. Many activism groups who were politically and religiously based have been formed throughout history with many of them fighting for human rights. They brought about revolutions some of which were bloody making many innocent citizens to suffer. They pushed for the governments to change their practices which in one way or another undermined the human rights of the people. However, these revolutions angered non participants since they viewed both the government and the activist to be fighting for their political ambitions rather than humanitarian concerns which seemed not to be for the good of all the people. As a result of these revolutions, some of the movements achieved great success which created an important milestone in the struggle for the establishment of universal human rights. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi movement ended the colonial rule in India. In South Africa Mandela led a movement which was fighting for the termination of apartheid rule and this led to freedom in the country. In many countries, Labour unions have been effortlessly fighting for the rights of workers which have led to better working conditions, wages, and working hours among other human rights entitled to workers. Feminist revolutions all over the world have for a long time been fighting for the rights of women and their efforts seen to bore fruits in many countries. According to Stammers (1999), human rights movements consist of individuals with a common interest. The role played by human rights movements cannot be underestimated as they have enforced several changes in the society which have resulted to the enjoyment of the human rights. Media and government respect for human rights The fouth estate plays an crucial role in ensuring that human rights are respected and protected. According to Woodring (2009), what justifies media freedom is its obligation of overseeing the government. Different countries have different regulations towards the media, in the most democratic nation the media is guaranteed much freedom than in most autocratic governments. Media freedom has a different relationship with how the government respects human rights which mostly depends on the type of government regime that is in existence. Woodring (2009) notes that media freedom in autocratic governments influences the government negatively in their respect to human rights and vice versa in democratic governments. Some of the non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International perceive media freedom to have the ability to improve government respect for human rights. It is critical to note that the media informs both the government and the public on various issues thus it form a common platform for communication. According to Woodring(2009), the media influences the government action as well as its respect for human rights. In issues related to peace in various countries, some scholars investigated the degree into which media freedom contributed to peace in a given country. For instance, Van Belle (1997) suggested that if the media can provide trustworthy between information governments, then it is likely for two countries to engage in war. It is, therefore, evident from the above information that media freedom plays a role in ensuring peaceful coexistence between nations. According to Whitten (2009), it is perceived the freedom of media in democratic countries results to better respect for human rights while in autocratic countries it does not. This implies that media freedom has a different influence on the respect for human rights by government depending on the type of regime in the country. Democratic governments give much freedom to its media hence people can freely give their views and participate in discussing issues facing them including mistreatments by the government. In her study on the interaction of media freedom with the level of democracy/autocracy on physical integrity rights, (1981-1995). Woodring found that media freedom or lack of it influences the government's respect for human rights either democratic or autocratic regimes. Balance of right and obligations in contemporary Australia According to Williams, Constant Law Bills Digest Group (2013). In 1975, The Federal Parliament of Australia enacted The Racial Discrimination Act which provides basic human rights such as freedom of religion and trading with other countries. This act was enacted in the effort of the Australian Federal Parliament to protect human rights of the citizen which are its main priority. According to Doussa, (2008), in his lecture, reconciling human rights and counter terrorism-a crucial challenge, pointed out that free and democratic societies such as Australia are faced with a challenge of facing terrorism without abandoning basic human rights. However, he argued that at times there is a need to balance individual rights with the need to protect collective security. It worthy to note that in case, the right of an individual is a threat to the rights of the majority then it is not worth guaranteeing. In the past, the government of Australia has guaranteed the citizens the right to participate in electing their leaders through the process of elections Conclusion The concept of human right is an issue that has resulted to emergence different perspectives, revolutions, unions, political movements, religious beliefs and social movements. Each of the above categories pushes for what they believe would be good for all the people affected by a certain issue of concern. The media acts as the media of communication between the various stakeholders of human rights. It is, therefore, important for the governments and its citizens to balance between their human rights and the obligations they have. Freedom of media is crucial in ensuring that human rights and obligations are well balanced within the country. The government should protect individual rights while the citizens have an obligation to consider each others rights. The media should advocate for the respect of the human rights in the country and also internationally. References Arias, O. (2009). A Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities, Vienna Austria Arias, O. (2009). Declaration and Programme of Action World Conference on Human rights, Vienna, 1993. Available from: https://humanistictexts.org/undo.html Dousa, J. (2008) Reconciling human rights and counter- terrorism- a crucial challenge. The annual James Cook University Mayo Lecture. : Available from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/reconciling-human-rights-and-counter-terrorism-crucial-challenge. Helmut, S. (2008). United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner: What are human rights? Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx Williams, G. (1999). The Federal Parliament and the Protection of Human Rights. Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99rp20 Stammers, N. (1999). Social Movements and Social Construction of Human Rights. Human Quarterly. Vol 21 no 4. The John Hopkins University Press. P 984-987 Weafer, J. (2003). The jigsaw of Advocacy. Comhairle Whitten-Woodring. J, (2009), Watchdog or Lapdog? Media Freedom, Regime Type, and Government Respect for Human Rights. International Studies Quarterly, vol 53 University of Southern California. P595-625. Yenken, D, (2012) The Australian Collaboration, University of Melbourne.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Hum an Example by

Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Human Proteins? It is possible to induce bacterial cells to produce human proteins because the techniques in molecular biology allow the manipulation of DNA wherein one can insert specific DNA segments into the bacterial genome. The bacterial genome is known to be much smaller than the typical eukaryotic genome but it has the ability to perform transcription several times in one run. This process is known as polycistroning transcription. In addition, a bacterial cell carries two DNA strands, the nuclear genome and the plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNAs are closed circular double stranded polynucleotides that carry genes that are also essential in the survival of the bacterial cell in its host (Duarte et al., 2007). An example of a gene that is present in the plasmid DNA is one that codes for antibiotic resistance. The plasmid DNA also has its own origin of replication hence it is possible to make multiple copies of the plasmid DNA depending on the presence of optimal conditions for growth and reproduction. Need essay sample on "Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Human Proteins?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In order to make bacterial cells produce human proteins, one should start with a human cell culture that is proliferating at a normal rate. The genome of a human cell contains a gene known as human cytokine (HcytkX) which codes for the human cytokine protein. The initial procedure involves the isolation of the total mRNA content of the cell and this is done using a TRizol reagent which lyses the cell and the reagent differentiates DNA and RNA strands in the solution based on the sedimentation coefficient or mass density of the strands. The differentiation according to mass is done using density gradient centrifugation. Once all the mRNA of the cell is extracted, the specific mRNA that codes for the human cytokine protein can be isolated using a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand which contains the sequence of the human cytokine gene. The cDNA strand will serve as a primer that will identify the actual mRNA strand that is specific for the human cytokine mRNA. Students Frequently Tell Us:How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online?Specialists recommend: Essay Help Provided Here With Beneficial Facilities!Best Essay Writing Company Writers For Hire Do My Assignment Cheap Custom Writing Service Once the cDNA hybridizes to the human cytokine mRNA strand, it is now possible to generate a DNA copy of the human cytokine mRNA through the process of reverse transcription (Grunstein and Hogness, 1975). An enzyme known as reverse transcription is needed in order to perform this reaction. Once a DNA-RNA hybrid is present, an enzyme known as RNase H is used to clip off or degrade the cDNA probe that was earlier employed. Another enzyme, DNA polymerase is then introduced in order to generate the second copy of the DNA molecule that is complementary to the single strand of DNA. Once the double-stranded DNA segment that contains the human cytokine gene has been isolated, it is further manipulated using restriction enzymes which are bacterial enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequence motifs. The usual restriction enzymes that are employed in molecular biology experiments are the frequent-cutting restriction enzymes, which cleave the DNA strand at specific 4 to 6 base restriction sites. A specific restriction enzyme will then be introduced to the human cytokine DNA segment is order to generate smaller fragments that are sticky or reactive for reassociation with other DNA segments. At the same time, bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) should be grown to its exponential growth stage in order to have a sufficient amount of DNA. Once the appropriate amount of bacterial cells is present, the bacterial cells can now be called competent cells because these are ready for DNA manipulation. Plasmid DNA from bacterial cells will be extracted with minipreparation techniques that involve lysing the bacterial cells and centrifuging the cellular solution in order to remove other organelles of the bacterial cell (Birnboim and Doly, 1979). The bacterial plasmid will then be exposed to the same restriction enzyme that was used in the human cytokine DNA segment, also generating sticky ends that are ready to reassociate with other sticky DNA ends (Zhu et al., 2006). The cleaved human cytokine DNA fragments can then be introduced into the bacterial plasmid because both DNA molecules are sticky. The principle of reassociating foreign and host DNA molecules is to empl oy the same restriction enzyme so that the sticky ends have the same recognition sequences that are complementary to each other. Once the human cytokine DNA fragment is inserted into the plasmid, it is now possible to let the plasmid make more copies of itself inside the bacterial cell. Bacterial cells multiply very fast and also, the transcription and translation rates of these cells are very short as compared to human cells. Molecular biology techniques allow the manipulation of DNA segments of interest. After incubation of the bacterial cultures that contain plasmids that carry the human cytokine genes, it is then possible to allow the bacterial cells to perform the process of translation, which is the production of protein products based on the transcription results. Translation of the specific human cytokine genes in the plasmid allows that production of human cytokine which can then be collected using isolation techniques. The human cytokine is then further purified using mass chromatographic techniques in order to remove any other unnecessary proteins and other smaller cellular material. The human cytokine protein is then resuspended in a stable buffer such as sterile double distilled water or a buffer such as phosphate buffer in saline solution so that the h uman cytokine protein remains in its native state. The bottled human cytokine products that are now sold in pharmacies are thus produced through the abovementioned techniques. References Birnboim HC, Doly J (1979): A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 7:1513-23. Duarte SP, Fortes AG, Prazeres DM and Marcos JC (2007): Preparation of plasmid DNA polyplexes from alkaline lysates by a two-step aqueous two-phase extraction process. J Chromatogr A. 1164(1-2):105-12. Grunstein M and Hogness DS (1975): Colony hybridization: A method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72;3961-3965. Zhu K, Jin H, He Z, Zhu Q, Wang B (2006): A continuous method for the large-scale extraction of plasmid DNA by modified boiling lysis. Nat. Protoc. 1(6):3088-93.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Dorothy Day, Founder of the Catholic Worker Movement

Dorothy Day, Founder of the Catholic Worker Movement Dorothy Day was a writer and editor who founded the Catholic Worker, a penny newspaper that grew into a voice for the poor during the Great Depression. As the driving force in what became a movement, Days unwavering advocacy for charity and pacifism made her controversial at times. Yet her work among the poorest of the poor also made her an admired example of a deeply spiritual person actively engaged in addressing societys problems. When Pope Francis addressed the U.S. Congress in September 2015, he focused much of his speech on  four Americans he found particularly inspiring: Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Dorothy Day, and Thomas Merton. Days name was no doubt unfamiliar to millions watching the Popes speech on television. But his effusive praise of her indicated how influential her lifes work with the Catholic Worker Movement was to the Popes own thoughts about social justice. Fast Facts: Dorothy Day Born: November 8, 1897, New York City.Died: November 29, 1980, New York City.Founder of the Catholic Worker, a small newspaper published in the Depression which became a social movement.Named by Pope Francis in his 2015 speech to Congress as one of his four most admired Americans.Is widely expected to be declared a saint in the Catholic Church. During her lifetime, Day could seem out of step with mainstream Catholics in America. She operated at the fringe of organized Catholicism, never seeking permission or official endorsement for any of her projects. Day came late to the faith, converting to Catholicism as an adult in the 1920s. At the time of her conversion, she was an unmarried mother with a complicated past that included life as a bohemian writer in Greenwich Village, unhappy love affairs, and an abortion that rendered her emotionally devastated. A movement to have Dorothy Day canonized as a saint in the Catholic Church began in the 1990s. Days own family members have said she would have scoffed at the idea. Yet it seems likely that she will one day be an officially recognized saint of the Catholic Church. Early Life Dorothy Day was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 8, 1897. She was the third of five children born to John and Grace Day. Her father was a journalist who bounced from job to job, which kept the family moving between New York City neighborhoods and then onward to other cities. When her father was offered a job in San Francisco in 1903, the Days moved westward. Economic disruption caused by the San Francisco earthquake three years later cost her father his job, and the family moved on to Chicago. By the age of 17, Dorothy had already completed two years of study at the University of Illinois. But she abandoned her education in 1916  when she and her family moved back to New York City. In New York, she began writing articles for socialist newspapers. With her modest earnings, she moved into a small apartment on the Lower East Side. She became fascinated by the vibrant yet difficult  lives of impoverished immigrant communities, and Day became an obsessive walker, ferreting out stories in the citys poorest neighborhoods. She was hired as a reporter by the New York Call, a socialist newspaper, and began contributing articles to a revolutionary magazine, The Masses. Bohemian Years As America entered World War I and a patriotic wave swept the country, Day found herself immersed in a life filled with politically radical, or  simply offbeat, characters in Greenwich Village. She became a Village resident, living in a succession of cheap apartments and spending time in tearooms and saloons frequented by writers, painters, actors, and political activists. Day began a platonic friendship with playwright Eugene ONeill, and for a period during World War I, she entered a training program to become a nurse. After leaving the nursing program at the wars end, she became romantically involved with a journalist, Lionel Moise. Her affair with Moise ended after she had an abortion, an experience that sent her into a period of depression and intense inner turmoil. She met Forster Batterham through literary friends in New York and began living with him in a rustic cabin near the beach on Staten Island (which, in the early 1920s, was still rural). They had a daughter, Tamar, and after the birth of her child Day began to feel a sense of religious awakening. Though neither Day or Batterham were Catholic, Day took Tamar to a Catholic church on Staten Island and had the child baptized. The relationship with Batterham became difficult and the two often separated. Day, who had published a novel based on her Greenwich Village years, was able to purchase a modest cottage on Staten Island and she created a life for herself and Tamar. To escape the winter weather along the Staten Island shore, Day and her daughter would live in sublet apartments in Greenwich Village during the coldest months. On December 27, 1927, Day took a life-changing step by riding a  ferry back to Staten Island, visiting the Catholic church she knew, and having herself baptized. She later said she felt no great joy in the action, but rather regarded it as something she had to do. Finding Purpose Day continued writing and taking jobs as a researcher for publishers. A play she had written hadnt been produced, but somehow came to the attention of a Hollywood movie studio, which offered her a writing contract. In 1929 she and Tamar took a train to California, where she joined the staff of Pathà © Studios. Days Hollywood career was short. She found the studio not terribly interested in her contributions. And when the stock market crash in October 1929 hit the movie industry hard, her contract was not renewed. In a car she had purchased with her studio earnings, she and Tamar relocated to Mexico City. She returned to New York the following year. And after a trip to Florida to visit her parents, she and Tamar settled in a small apartment on 15th Street, not far from Union Square, where sidewalk speakers advocated solutions to the misery of the Great Depression. In December 1932 Day, returning to journalism, traveled to Washington, D.C. to cover a march against hunger for Catholic publications. While in Washington she visited the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception on December 8, the Catholic Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception.   She later recalled she had been losing her faith in the Catholic Church over its apparent indifference to the poor. Yet as she prayed at the shrine she began to sense a purpose to her life. After  returning to New York City, an eccentric character turned up in Days life, someone she regarded as a teacher who may have been sent by the Virgin Mary. Peter Maurin was a French immigrant who worked as a laborer in America though he had taught at schools run by the Christian Brothers in France. He was a frequent speaker in Union Square, where he would advocate novel, if not radical, solutions for societys ills. Founding of the Catholic Worker Maurin sought  out Dorothy Day after reading some of her articles about social justice. They began spending time together, talking and arguing. Maurin suggested Day should start her own newspaper. She said she had doubts about finding the money to get a paper printed, but Maurin encouraged her, saying they needed to have faith that the funds would appear. Within months, they did manage to raise enough money to print their newspaper. On May 1, 1933, a gigantic May Day demonstration was held at Union Square in New York. Day, Maurin, and a group of friends hawked the first copies of the Catholic Worker. The four-page newspaper cost a penny. The New York Times described the crowd  in Union Square that day as being filled with communists, socialists, and assorted other radicals. The newspaper noted the presence of banners denouncing sweatshops, Hitler, and the Scottsboro case. In that setting, a newspaper focused on helping the poor and achieving social justice was a hit. Every copy sold. That  first issue of the Catholic Worker contained a column by Dorothy Day which outlined its purpose. It began: For those who are sitting on park benches in the warm spring sunlight.For those who are huddling in shelters trying to escape the rain.For those who are walking the streets in the all but futile search for work.For those who think that there is no hope for the future, no recognition of their plight - this little paper is addressed.It is printed to call their attention to the fact that the Catholic Church has a social program - to let them know that there are men of God who are working not only for their spiritual, but for their material welfare. The success of the newspaper continued. In a lively and informal office, Day, Maurin, and what became a regular cast of dedicated souls labored to produce an issue every month. Within a few years, the circulation reached 100,000, with copies being mailed to all regions of America.   Dorothy Day wrote a column in each issue, and her contributions continued for nearly 50 years, until her death in 1980. The archive of her columns represents a remarkable view of modern American history, as she began commenting on the plight of the poor in the Depression and moved on to the violence of the world at war, the Cold War, and protests of the 1960s. Dorothy Day addressing a protest against the Vietnam War.   Getty Images Prominence and Controversy Beginning with her youthful writings for socialist newspapers, Dorothy Day was often been out of step with mainstream America. She was arrested for the first time in 1917, while picketing the White House with suffragists demanding that women have the right to vote. In prison, at the age of 20, she was beaten by the police, and the experience made her even more sympathetic to the oppressed and powerless in society. Within years of its 1933 founding as a small newspaper, the Catholic Worker evolved into being a social movement. Again with Peter Maurins influence, Day and her supporters opened soup kitchens in New York City. The feeding of the poor continued for years, and the Catholic Worker also opened houses of hospitality offering places to stay for the homeless. For years the Catholic Worker also operated a communal farm near Easton, Pennsylvania. Besides writing for the Catholic Worker newspaper, Day traveled extensively, giving talks on social justice and meeting activists, both inside and outside the Catholic Church. She was at times suspected of holding subversive political views, but in a sense she operated outside of politics. When followers of the Catholic Worker Movement refused to participate in Cold War fallout shelter drills, Day and others were arrested. She was later arrested while protesting with union farm workers in California. She remained active until her death, in her room at a Catholic Worker residence in New York City, on November 29, 1980. She was buried on Staten Island, near the site of her conversion. Legacy of Dorothy Day In the decades since her death, the influence of Dorothy Day has grown. A number of books have been written about her, and several anthologies of her writings have been published. The Catholic Worker community continues to flourish, and the newspaper which first sold for a penny in Union Square still publishes seven times a year in a print edition. An extensive archive, including all of Dorothy Days columns is available for free online. More than 200 Catholic Worker communities exist in the United States and other countries. Perhaps the most noteworthy tribute to Dorothy Day was, of course, the comments by Pope Francis in his address to Congress on September 24, 2015. He said:   In these times when social concerns are so important, I cannot fail to mention the Servant of God Dorothy Day, who founded the Catholic Worker Movement. Her social activism, her passion for justice and for the cause of the oppressed, were inspired by the Gospel, her faith, and the example of the saints. Near the end of his speech, the Pope again spoke of Days striving for justice: A nation can be considered great when it defends liberty as Lincoln did, when it fosters a culture which enables people to dream of full rights for all their brothers and sisters, as Martin Luther King sought to do; when it strives for justice and the cause of the oppressed, as Dorothy Day did by her tireless work, the fruit of a faith which becomes dialogue and sows peace in the contemplative style of Thomas Merton. With the leaders of the Catholic Church praising her work, and others continually discovering her writings, the legacy of Dorothy Day, who found her purpose editing a penny newspaper for the poor, seems assured.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS Essays - Microeconomics

ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS Essays - Microeconomics ECO2103 PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (30%) The assessment for this course comprise ONE essay of up to 1800 - 2000 words in length. This word limit includes footnotes (if any) but exclude references, tables or diagrams. Essay: Choose one from the following 6. 1)Currently, most of the world adopted mixed economy as a mean of resource allocation. Before that, different economy system was proposed in the 16th- 19th century such as pure capitalism and communism. Explain why the latter two economy system fail to become dominant in today economy? 2)Theoretically, price is determine by the force of market demand and supply. However, does it really applicable in today economy, given that information is imperfect in the market? 3)In Adam Smith famous paradox of value: Water has less value in exchange while it is important for survival. On the other hand, diamond has less value in use but greater value in exchange. Explain your reasoning for the above statement. 4)In theory, when demand is inelastic, increasing price will increase firms profit. However, when demand is elastic, decreasing price will increase firms profit. Does this case necessary to be true in practice? 5)Does perfectly competitive markets exist in real world? Explain. 6)From economic point of view, what are the main causes of market failure? Requirement 1)You are required to submit your work to Turrnitin to prevent plagiarism. Your similarity should not exceed 25%. Penalty will be impose for works that exceed 25% similarity. Candidate with serious plagiarism could be charge for academic dishonesty. 2)Referencing style: Harvard Referencing. 3)You must submit a hardcopy of your write-up together with turnitin report and assessment rubric. 4)Submission after due date (Within 1 week after the due date), maximum marks will be 50% from the total. 5)No mark will be credited after the 1 week maximum limit or after any extended date where an extension has been granted. Final date for submission The final deadline for essay submission is: WEEK 11

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Personal case study reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal case study reflection - Essay Example Procrastination in decision-making may make the situation or problem worse. Decisions should therefore be made and executed in a timely manner. These should be accepted by the people, in addition to being high-quality decisions. Critical conditions need critical thinking to be applied in order to arrive at a conclusive and well-thought decision. Therefore, one needs to reason and where possible apply the various decision-making and problem-solving models and theories in order to ensure quality of their decisions (Bell, Raiffa, & Tversky, 1998). It is also important for one to be flexible and react promptly to situations. This brings boosts personal confidence. This paper highlights a personal decision-making process, where being the supervisor of my group at my work place, one of the group members challenges my authority by behaving in an indiscipline manner, and shows a poor attitude. Problem Background I got a promotion to become a supervisor for a group of employees at our small o ffice. Roles of a supervisor include monitoring specific employees’ performance and behavior. This is a leadership position that I was presented with. ... Sports day came once every year, and was aimed at encouraging bonding of the employees as they engaged in various sport, competing with each other. My duty on this rehearsal day was to ensure orderliness and active participation of all members of my group, including assigning each of them to a game type they would participate in on the sports day. However, in the course of my coordination, I realized that one member of my group did not follow a single instruction I gave out. He would defy instructions and move in and out of the group’s meeting place. Additionally, he would deliberately refuse to participate in some demonstrations I had asked the group to perform. This infuriated me, considering that I sometimes lose my temper so fast. However, I tried to control my emotions and play cool. Remaining calm did not make this employee comply with the session requirements. This is a disciplinary case where my subordinate challenged my authority as a supervisor and put me in a challe nging situation about the course of actions I was to adopt as a leader. As a leader, I was expected to make the right decisions, which would not be lethal to either the involved employee or me in order to change his attitude toward me, for better coordination and effective execution of tasks. Approaches to Decision-Making and Problem-Solving As a leader, I managed to solve the problem successfully. However, further exposure to leadership and knowledge on the models and approaches to decision-making and problem solving has given me a different way of looking at how I could have addressed this situation in a more favorable way. As a supervisor, I was responsible for planning, and analyzing situations, identifying and solving problems, including