The Social Situation Of Mental Patients And Other Inmates

Mortification of the self is a process in which a person may be degraded or striped of their identity, willingly or unwillingly, for multiple different reasons. This process can also happen unconsciously or consciously. In his essay, â€Å"The Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates†, Goffman explains five main categories of these types of institutes that may use mortification of the self for their benefit or the communities benefit. In this essay, I will be discussing in more depth how prisons use the mortification of the self on their prisoners and how, in a way, colleges and the NCAA use mortification processes as well to shape their students and athletes. The first institute is for those that are incapable and harmless. For example, those who are blind, aged, or orphaned may be admitted to this type of institute. This institution may be thought of as a positive environment, and the mortification of the self a good thing for both those in control as well as those at the institute. The second is for those that are incapable, but may be harmful in the community. This can include a mental hospital and a leprosaria, so the community as well as the inmates would most likely benefit from the mortification processes. The third is for those who have proven themselves harmful. A penitentiary, jailhouse and POWs are some examples. These inmates wellbeing is not necessarily very important to those in control. These inmates are stripped of their belongings, their privacy,Show MoreRelatedEssays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates by Erving Goffman1348 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently we have a few years the official diagnost ic manuals. DSM-IV and ICD-10 withdrew the term mental illness, replacing it with the term mental disorder. It happened so that the word disease is not misleading, that we are dealing with a real palpable disease, such as neurological diseases. In practice, there is still a notion of mental illness. However, it is important to realize that this is just figure language, metaphor for determining psychiatric diagnosis, and it is not a diseaseRead MoreTotal Institutions1028 Words   |  5 PagesTotal Institutions In the year 1961, the author, Erving Goffman, published a book consisting of text and studies on mental patients and inmates, in what he has called total institutions. There is a large focus on the life of mental patients, due to his year long study in an American institution. However, the center of my reading was based on the institutions and the lifestyles that are reached when placed in such establishments. When describing these institutions the author referredRead MorePsychology : A Way Of Understanding Mental Disorders And How They Function1340 Words   |  6 PagesMental disorders affects 1 out of 5 people each year (Kallivayalil). Psychology has a way of understanding mental disorders and how they function. There are many branches to psychology that leads to many jobs that are beneficial more than most people realize. Majoring in psychology can go a lot farther than just in the medical field. If someone chooses to become a politician they should understand human behavior for the better of their region. Understanding how humans work will provide solutionsRead MoreSuicide : Suicide And Depression1389 Words   |  6 Pagesprisons across the United States (Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, Fazel, 2011). According to the United States Department of Justice, nearly 23% of state prisoners report symptoms of depression each year (Pardini et al., 2014). With, one out of seven inmates met the di agnostic criteria for major depressive disorder (Pardini et al., 2014). Marzaro, Hawton, Rivlin, and Fazel (2011) proposed that probable representations of prison suicide suggest that suicidal behaviors are rarely the cause of a single stressorRead MoreThe Importance Of Becoming A Mental Health Counselor1718 Words   |  7 PagesPeople suffering from mental illness can be found throughout our nation. There are some that experience more severe symptoms of this illness than others. With mental health condition being classified as an illness, it serves that it is a condition beyond a person’s control. The National Institute of Health (NIH) has classified mental illness as being a condition that normally changes a person’s thinking, feelings and behavior (NIH, 2013). Therefore when they are experiencing these symptoms, theyRead MoreAntisocial Persoanlity Disorder1398 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) are characterized as being d eceitful, egocentric, and having little regard for rules or the feelings of others (Duggan, 2009). Individuals with ASPD have been found to be unable to correctly interpret emotional situations; they also experience negative feelings more often than positive feelings. They are also more likely to experience anger than fear, which can trigger violent behavior. Individuals with ASPD have a tendency to employ defenseRead MoreThe Importance Of Mental Disorders In The Prison System1288 Words   |  6 PagesIn addition, persons with mental disorders are clearly overrepresented in the prison system, when compared to rates of persons in the community with mental disorders, studies found â€Å"that prevalence estimates were three to 12 times higher than in community samples, reaching as high as 64%,† (Prins, S. J., 2014, p. 862) with â€Å"prevalence† being defined as the commonness or occurrence of a mental disorder. The reasoning behind this skewed representation has continu ally puzzled researchers and led toRead MoreIncarceration : Balancing Punishment And Treatment988 Words   |  4 Pages4.0 Alternatives to Incarceration Balancing Punishment and Treatment Mass Incarceration In December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates who were convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-centuryRead MoreThe Effects Of Incarceration On The United States Of America978 Words   |  4 PagesIn December 2013, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of eight federal inmates. Each had been convicted of nonviolent crack cocaine offenses, and six of whom were serving life sentences (Miles 2014). The surge in the prison population of the United States of America can be attributed to changes in sentencing and policies that created stricter laws and harsher punishments for offenders. For the last half-century, America’s attempts to get tough on crime and wage a war on drugs have landedRead MoreManagement Concerns Of Corrections For Special Populations Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesthe management of special needs inmates and the burdens incurred at various levels. For this study, special needs populations are defined as prisoners who exhibit unique physical, mental, social, and programmatic needs that distinguish them from other prisoners and to whom jail and prison management and staff have to respond in nontraditional and innovative ways (Schmalleger Smykla 2013). The special needs populations included individuals suffering from mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse

Gender Roles In Antigone - 1547 Words

In Sophocles’ Antigone, gender roles are a major conflicting theme throughout the entire play. The setting of the play was written during the Greek mythological days, around 442 B.C. During these days, men were dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon each show differences in behavior due to their sex versus the actions each character chooses to take. Antigone tells Ismene about her plans to bury their brother, Polynices, which is going against Creon’s orders. Antigone and Ismene, have contrasting perspectives on†¦show more content†¦Antigone is set in Thebes, which is an ancient Greek city that is set to be cursed and prone to disaster. By setting Antigone in Thebes, Sophocles allowed the tensions between male and female to be ex plored. Being that Antigone is the protagonist, her character is important in the play. She made the decision to bury her brother knowing that it was against Creon’s law. Ismene refused to help Antigone, which left her angry, yet still determined to bury her brother. She knew that burying her brother could lead to her own death, but she continued to show courage, strength, and determination throughout her role. In the beginning, Antigone says, â€Å"Dear god, shout it from the rooftops. I’ll hate you all the more for silence/ tell the world!†(17,100-101). This was said to Ismene, when they were discussing burial plans and Ismene was telling Antigone that she was against the plan. Antigone’s dialogue shows that she is not worried about being punished or worried about who knows what she has done. It is clear that Antigone is sincere about honoring the gods, her actions show that she feels that she is pleasing the gods and that is all that matters to her. â€Å"Thes e laws/ I was not about to break them, not out of fear of some man’s wounded pride, and face the retribution of the gods.†(30, 509-511). This demonstrates how she feels about man’s law vs. divine law. In the plot, there was not one time where Antigone deniedShow MoreRelatedRejecting Gender Roles In Sophocless Antigone1262 Words   |  6 PagesRejecting Gender Roles in Antigone Human nature dictates that conformity is a safer choice than expressing individuality. When placed in a situation where one must either remain silent or speak their mind and face severe consequences, there is much less risk in taking the first option. Sophocles, an Athenian tragedian from the fifth century BC, confronted this theme throughout one of his most popular works: Antigone. In the play, the title character must decide if she should honor her brother andRead MoreGender Role Of Women In Antigone By Sophocles814 Words   |  4 Pagesleast. Is a woman stronger than we?† (Sophocles.II.3.539-540) says Creon, King of Thebes and uncle to the disobeying but brave Antigone in Antigone by Sophocles. A patriarchal society is a community in which male domination over women, Sophocles explains the journey of Antigone in getting her brother buried and yielding against the laws of Thebes in a man dominated city. Antigone portrayed in the play is loyal and stubborn, she would do anyth ing that feels ethical and honest to her even if that disregardingRead MoreWomen s Oppression Of Women1657 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles’ Antigone, although fictional, presents an anecdotal example of a prominent proto-feminist figure, the protagonist Antigone. The work is set in Ancient Greece, a time period in which women played subservient roles. Accordingly, women are treated subordinately in the work. Hence, when Antigone commits a â€Å"crime† under the patriarchal order of the King of Thebes, Creon, through the prohibited burying of her brother, unfair treatment is imposed upon her. Creon punishes Antigone accordinglyRead MoreWomen in Ancient Greece1638 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles play Antigone encapsulates the conflict in Greek society between genuine and farcical democracy. Greeces patriarchal society excludes women from formal decision-making processes so that, in the case of Creon, leaders enact their own arbitrary rules. Creon refuses to listen to wh at Antigone has to say about her belief that her brother deserves a proper burial. His lack of compassion is exacerbated by his unequivocal misogyny. For instance, when his son Haemon sticks up for Antigone, Creon ridiculesRead MoreHow Modern Versions Of Medea ( Euripides ) And Antigone ( Sophocles )1246 Words   |  5 Pagestime, nevertheless concepts and ideologies present in traditional Greek theatre have become outdated. Strict gender roles were ever-present in society and a person was judged in relation to his or her compliance with these standards. Ancient Greek theatre hosts many misogynistic examples of the conformity to the gender roles of the time as well as the consequences of rebelling against the gender protocol. Women were to remain invisible, obedient and subordinate and to rebel against these restrictionsRead MoreThe Notions of Justice in The Republic and Antigone1707 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophical literature, notions of justice are presented plainly. Platoâ⠂¬â„¢s The Republic and Sophocles’ Antigone both address elements of death, tyranny and immorality, morality, and societal roles. These topics are important elements when addressing justice, whether in the societal representation or personal representation. Antigone uses the concept of death in many ways when unfolding the tragic story of Antigone and her rebellion. The most obvious way is how death is used as a form of capital punishmentRead MoreThe Punishment For Overstepping Creon s Authority Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagesexponentially more sinister. In Sophocles’ â€Å"Antigone† there is a clear gender conflict that forms between the protagonist Antigone and the antagonist Creon. Antigone’s determination to give her brother a just burial inspired the people of Thebes, but enraged Creon. Although Antigone does not obsess over the gender struggle as much as Creon, there is no disputing that the gender roles of Ancient Greece fueled the central conflict of the drama. The clash between Antigone and Creon was symbolic towards the subjugationRead MoreThe Feminist Criticism Of Antigone Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesStudent’s Name Tutor’s Name Course Code Date Sophocles Antigone The feminist criticism approach evaluates how sexual identity impacts the creation and perception of literary pieces of art. It was originally an offshoot of the feminist movements but has currently employed certain approaches, such as the Masculinity approach, which is advocated by Robert Bly. Feminist criticism takes a primary role in articulating the patriarchal perceptions that have dominated the Western thought. The perceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles Play Antigone 1308 Words   |  6 Pagestreating each other equally. Gender is a range of characteristics associated with males and females. You could say that when gender and equality are put together both sexes are treated adequately. However, it is most of the time difficult to fulfil equality in real life and it is barely seen in literature.Women were mainly and only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rituals to the husband. Sophocles play Antigone shows us the three differentRead MoreSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tragic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s body

Federal Parliament and Protection of Human Rights

Question: Discuss about the Federal Parliament and Protection of Human Rights. Answer: Introduction Human rights refer to fundamental rights entitled to every human being. According to The United Nations Human Rights (OHCR), human rights do not discriminate any person by origin, race, religion, economic status among social categories. Human rights are closely related to each other there by demanding impartiality in guaranteeing them. OHCR asserts that human rights are provided by international laws, customary laws and treaties between nations. The government has the responsibility of ensuring that their citizens fully enjoy the basic human rights. Human obligations can be defined as the responsibilities that the government or individual have in the process of fulfilling basic human rights. According to Arias, O (2009), human rights can only be important if we take the responsibility of respecting them without considering our cultural values since human rights and obligations determine human relations universally. According to OHCR, human rights and obligation are inseparable. The international law obligates the state to protect and fulfill human rights. To protect human rights, the state should act in such a way that it does not affect the enjoyment of the human rights by its citizens. The state should take affirmative action to protect the individuals and groups against abuse in every way possible. The citizens, on the other hand, should take the obligation of respecting basic human rights individuals of groups as well. In the history of man, people in different regimes have for long been struggling with the issue of human rights. The concept of human rights may have its origin from various political and religious ideologies. For instance, in the 18th and 19th centuries, various European scholars proposed the concept of natural rights. This concept referred to rights acquired by a person by being a human being. This concept led to some revolutions in the 1700s when the majority of the British colonies in North America gained independence. The revolution led to the formulation of the U.S Declaration of the Rights of man. Later in 1989, the French monarchy was overthrown by the people and the first French Republic was established. From this revolution came the Declaration of the rights of man. Thomas Thoreau in his treatise, Civil Disobedience used the term Human Rights. His work became an inspiration to many people among them, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King and it helped them develop the idea of non-violence resistance which they use to resist unethical government actions. In the 19th and 20th in America, many people were held captive and worked as slaves most of which were black people. Their working conditions were poor since they were being tortured, starved and in some instances, children were involved. This resulted in a revolution fighting for human rights. As a result, the slave was released however, they did not enjoy their freedom for many decades that followed. Many activism groups who were politically and religiously based have been formed throughout history with many of them fighting for human rights. They brought about revolutions some of which were bloody making many innocent citizens to suffer. They pushed for the governments to change their practices which in one way or another undermined the human rights of the people. However, these revolutions angered non participants since they viewed both the government and the activist to be fighting for their political ambitions rather than humanitarian concerns which seemed not to be for the good of all the people. As a result of these revolutions, some of the movements achieved great success which created an important milestone in the struggle for the establishment of universal human rights. For instance, Mahatma Gandhi movement ended the colonial rule in India. In South Africa Mandela led a movement which was fighting for the termination of apartheid rule and this led to freedom in the country. In many countries, Labour unions have been effortlessly fighting for the rights of workers which have led to better working conditions, wages, and working hours among other human rights entitled to workers. Feminist revolutions all over the world have for a long time been fighting for the rights of women and their efforts seen to bore fruits in many countries. According to Stammers (1999), human rights movements consist of individuals with a common interest. The role played by human rights movements cannot be underestimated as they have enforced several changes in the society which have resulted to the enjoyment of the human rights. Media and government respect for human rights The fouth estate plays an crucial role in ensuring that human rights are respected and protected. According to Woodring (2009), what justifies media freedom is its obligation of overseeing the government. Different countries have different regulations towards the media, in the most democratic nation the media is guaranteed much freedom than in most autocratic governments. Media freedom has a different relationship with how the government respects human rights which mostly depends on the type of government regime that is in existence. Woodring (2009) notes that media freedom in autocratic governments influences the government negatively in their respect to human rights and vice versa in democratic governments. Some of the non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International perceive media freedom to have the ability to improve government respect for human rights. It is critical to note that the media informs both the government and the public on various issues thus it form a common platform for communication. According to Woodring(2009), the media influences the government action as well as its respect for human rights. In issues related to peace in various countries, some scholars investigated the degree into which media freedom contributed to peace in a given country. For instance, Van Belle (1997) suggested that if the media can provide trustworthy between information governments, then it is likely for two countries to engage in war. It is, therefore, evident from the above information that media freedom plays a role in ensuring peaceful coexistence between nations. According to Whitten (2009), it is perceived the freedom of media in democratic countries results to better respect for human rights while in autocratic countries it does not. This implies that media freedom has a different influence on the respect for human rights by government depending on the type of regime in the country. Democratic governments give much freedom to its media hence people can freely give their views and participate in discussing issues facing them including mistreatments by the government. In her study on the interaction of media freedom with the level of democracy/autocracy on physical integrity rights, (1981-1995). Woodring found that media freedom or lack of it influences the government's respect for human rights either democratic or autocratic regimes. Balance of right and obligations in contemporary Australia According to Williams, Constant Law Bills Digest Group (2013). In 1975, The Federal Parliament of Australia enacted The Racial Discrimination Act which provides basic human rights such as freedom of religion and trading with other countries. This act was enacted in the effort of the Australian Federal Parliament to protect human rights of the citizen which are its main priority. According to Doussa, (2008), in his lecture, reconciling human rights and counter terrorism-a crucial challenge, pointed out that free and democratic societies such as Australia are faced with a challenge of facing terrorism without abandoning basic human rights. However, he argued that at times there is a need to balance individual rights with the need to protect collective security. It worthy to note that in case, the right of an individual is a threat to the rights of the majority then it is not worth guaranteeing. In the past, the government of Australia has guaranteed the citizens the right to participate in electing their leaders through the process of elections Conclusion The concept of human right is an issue that has resulted to emergence different perspectives, revolutions, unions, political movements, religious beliefs and social movements. Each of the above categories pushes for what they believe would be good for all the people affected by a certain issue of concern. The media acts as the media of communication between the various stakeholders of human rights. It is, therefore, important for the governments and its citizens to balance between their human rights and the obligations they have. Freedom of media is crucial in ensuring that human rights and obligations are well balanced within the country. The government should protect individual rights while the citizens have an obligation to consider each others rights. The media should advocate for the respect of the human rights in the country and also internationally. References Arias, O. (2009). A Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities, Vienna Austria Arias, O. (2009). Declaration and Programme of Action World Conference on Human rights, Vienna, 1993. Available from: https://humanistictexts.org/undo.html Dousa, J. (2008) Reconciling human rights and counter- terrorism- a crucial challenge. The annual James Cook University Mayo Lecture. : Available from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/reconciling-human-rights-and-counter-terrorism-crucial-challenge. Helmut, S. (2008). United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner: What are human rights? Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx Williams, G. (1999). The Federal Parliament and the Protection of Human Rights. Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99rp20 Stammers, N. (1999). Social Movements and Social Construction of Human Rights. Human Quarterly. Vol 21 no 4. The John Hopkins University Press. P 984-987 Weafer, J. (2003). The jigsaw of Advocacy. Comhairle Whitten-Woodring. J, (2009), Watchdog or Lapdog? Media Freedom, Regime Type, and Government Respect for Human Rights. International Studies Quarterly, vol 53 University of Southern California. P595-625. Yenken, D, (2012) The Australian Collaboration, University of Melbourne.

Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Hum an Example by

Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Human Proteins? It is possible to induce bacterial cells to produce human proteins because the techniques in molecular biology allow the manipulation of DNA wherein one can insert specific DNA segments into the bacterial genome. The bacterial genome is known to be much smaller than the typical eukaryotic genome but it has the ability to perform transcription several times in one run. This process is known as polycistroning transcription. In addition, a bacterial cell carries two DNA strands, the nuclear genome and the plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNAs are closed circular double stranded polynucleotides that carry genes that are also essential in the survival of the bacterial cell in its host (Duarte et al., 2007). An example of a gene that is present in the plasmid DNA is one that codes for antibiotic resistance. The plasmid DNA also has its own origin of replication hence it is possible to make multiple copies of the plasmid DNA depending on the presence of optimal conditions for growth and reproduction. Need essay sample on "Why Is It Possible to Make Bacterial Cells Produce Human Proteins?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In order to make bacterial cells produce human proteins, one should start with a human cell culture that is proliferating at a normal rate. The genome of a human cell contains a gene known as human cytokine (HcytkX) which codes for the human cytokine protein. The initial procedure involves the isolation of the total mRNA content of the cell and this is done using a TRizol reagent which lyses the cell and the reagent differentiates DNA and RNA strands in the solution based on the sedimentation coefficient or mass density of the strands. The differentiation according to mass is done using density gradient centrifugation. Once all the mRNA of the cell is extracted, the specific mRNA that codes for the human cytokine protein can be isolated using a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand which contains the sequence of the human cytokine gene. The cDNA strand will serve as a primer that will identify the actual mRNA strand that is specific for the human cytokine mRNA. Students Frequently Tell Us:How much do I have to pay someone to write my assignment online?Specialists recommend: Essay Help Provided Here With Beneficial Facilities!Best Essay Writing Company Writers For Hire Do My Assignment Cheap Custom Writing Service Once the cDNA hybridizes to the human cytokine mRNA strand, it is now possible to generate a DNA copy of the human cytokine mRNA through the process of reverse transcription (Grunstein and Hogness, 1975). An enzyme known as reverse transcription is needed in order to perform this reaction. Once a DNA-RNA hybrid is present, an enzyme known as RNase H is used to clip off or degrade the cDNA probe that was earlier employed. Another enzyme, DNA polymerase is then introduced in order to generate the second copy of the DNA molecule that is complementary to the single strand of DNA. Once the double-stranded DNA segment that contains the human cytokine gene has been isolated, it is further manipulated using restriction enzymes which are bacterial enzymes that recognize specific DNA sequence motifs. The usual restriction enzymes that are employed in molecular biology experiments are the frequent-cutting restriction enzymes, which cleave the DNA strand at specific 4 to 6 base restriction sites. A specific restriction enzyme will then be introduced to the human cytokine DNA segment is order to generate smaller fragments that are sticky or reactive for reassociation with other DNA segments. At the same time, bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) should be grown to its exponential growth stage in order to have a sufficient amount of DNA. Once the appropriate amount of bacterial cells is present, the bacterial cells can now be called competent cells because these are ready for DNA manipulation. Plasmid DNA from bacterial cells will be extracted with minipreparation techniques that involve lysing the bacterial cells and centrifuging the cellular solution in order to remove other organelles of the bacterial cell (Birnboim and Doly, 1979). The bacterial plasmid will then be exposed to the same restriction enzyme that was used in the human cytokine DNA segment, also generating sticky ends that are ready to reassociate with other sticky DNA ends (Zhu et al., 2006). The cleaved human cytokine DNA fragments can then be introduced into the bacterial plasmid because both DNA molecules are sticky. The principle of reassociating foreign and host DNA molecules is to empl oy the same restriction enzyme so that the sticky ends have the same recognition sequences that are complementary to each other. Once the human cytokine DNA fragment is inserted into the plasmid, it is now possible to let the plasmid make more copies of itself inside the bacterial cell. Bacterial cells multiply very fast and also, the transcription and translation rates of these cells are very short as compared to human cells. Molecular biology techniques allow the manipulation of DNA segments of interest. After incubation of the bacterial cultures that contain plasmids that carry the human cytokine genes, it is then possible to allow the bacterial cells to perform the process of translation, which is the production of protein products based on the transcription results. Translation of the specific human cytokine genes in the plasmid allows that production of human cytokine which can then be collected using isolation techniques. The human cytokine is then further purified using mass chromatographic techniques in order to remove any other unnecessary proteins and other smaller cellular material. The human cytokine protein is then resuspended in a stable buffer such as sterile double distilled water or a buffer such as phosphate buffer in saline solution so that the h uman cytokine protein remains in its native state. The bottled human cytokine products that are now sold in pharmacies are thus produced through the abovementioned techniques. References Birnboim HC, Doly J (1979): A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 7:1513-23. Duarte SP, Fortes AG, Prazeres DM and Marcos JC (2007): Preparation of plasmid DNA polyplexes from alkaline lysates by a two-step aqueous two-phase extraction process. J Chromatogr A. 1164(1-2):105-12. Grunstein M and Hogness DS (1975): Colony hybridization: A method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72;3961-3965. Zhu K, Jin H, He Z, Zhu Q, Wang B (2006): A continuous method for the large-scale extraction of plasmid DNA by modified boiling lysis. Nat. Protoc. 1(6):3088-93.